Is free trade ever fair trade? Essay

Every one of us has probably seen reports or heard something about demonstrations against globalization when international organizations like the WTO meet. One example was the G8 meeting in July 2001. So we have to ask us the question why there are some people who protest against globalization and also against the free trade the WTO stands for. The main complain and concern of these groups is unfairness. They say free trade is unfair, the low wages are unfair, the poor working conditions of foreign workers, the environmental standards in less developed countries, the high profits of multinational corporations, the inequality in incomes around the world, everything is unfair. If these reproofs are true it would mean that also free trade and globalization is unfair. However the people of international institutions and multinational corporations who are in favour of free trade and globalisation also use the term fairness in their arguments. If a multinational company pays low wages in less developed countries, they can claim that the wages are still fair set because they are above the legal minimum wage standards and that the workers would not get a better opportunity in a company of their country or their government. The WTO and other international organisations consider free trade even as a help because it will promote economic growth, which in turn will raise the living standards throughout the whole world and reduce also the income inequality in the future. They suggest that globalisation can promote better outcomes for many people what makes the free trade fair. Both sides, either supporting or depreciating free trade predicate that what they think and support is fair. Of course everyone is in favour of fair  trade, nobody could ever proclaim the opposite. But how can supporters of two opposed policies both be in favour of fairness. The truth has to be somewhere in the middle. In my opinion there are certainly some or even many aspects of free trade which are unfair. Those who support the free trade are certainly the international corporations and the rich. Due to free trade the wealthy companies can force some small companies down. If they sell their products at a price that is less than it ´s cost of production and this way undercuts the competition for a sufficient length of time, the competition will be forced out of the business, because everybody would demand the product with the same quality but lower price. When there is no competition anymore they can raise their prices again and be able to recoup their losses. That’s of course unfair for the smaller companies, which are not able to use this strategy and go to bankrupt because of it. So developing countries have to allow big business access to their markets. Another point which is true and doesn ´t support the free trade policy is that in cases of deciding whether to protect the environment or to encourage trade, the WTO tends to decide in favour of trade. There have been many examples for that issue. Yet the WTO allows trade to continue however there is no proof if a product is safe until it is proved unsafe. That issue should be handled the converse way, because environment and health is definitely more important than economic profit. So in this case the free trade policy of the WTO is unfair and not correct towards the environment and the population. A dramatic aspect showing the unfairness of free trade is the unequal income and wealth. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer, at least relatively poorer. Fairness in trade and globalization would mean that the rich would need to redistribute some of their wealth and income to the poor, or that the poor would need a higher percentage of the income of their nation. But free trade doesn ´t only has unfair and negative aspects. For example one point that is considered as unfair of many opponents of free trade is that workers around the world are not treated equal and do not gain wages in developing countries. But why should a man in Africa who has the same profession as a man in the US gain the same amount of many? His living cost are not as high as the living costs you have to pay in the USA. So in relation he actually gains about the same wage and is not treated unfair. Also the increasing number of developing countries is a proof for the efficiency of free trade and there are many countries which has already benefited of the WTO. To come to a conclusion I think that free trade can ´t be always fair to every country, every economy or every individual and certainly there should be some attempts made of the WTO to become more fairly in some aspects. But it ´s important to have in mind how difficult the job of the WTO is. They have to show consideration for developed countries and for developing countries, which of course have different interests. Although the developing countries and economies have some disadvantages and not the same influence, power and treatment like the developed ones, they would be worse off without the WTO and if not now, in the future they will profit of free trade. The aim is to develop a good working free trade economy on the whole world without such inequality between some countries, but to achieve this every country has to make some sacrifices.

Last Chance Securities Essay

Situation: The IT director opened the department staff meeting today by saying â€Å"I’ve got some good news and some bad news. The good news is that management approved the pay- roll system project this morning. The new system will reduce clerical time and errors, improve morale in the payroll department, and avoid possible fines and penalties for noncompliance. The bad news is that the system must be installed by the end of December in order to meet new federal reporting rules, costs must be within the bud- geted amount, the new system must interact with existing systems, and the vice presi- dent of finance insists on approving the final design.† 1. Name the constraints and indicate whether each is present, future, internal, external, mandatory, or desirable. The Constraints are: IT Director (internal), new system (future), Approved payroll system project (present), Cost (future), management (internal), approving the final design (mandatory), reduce clerical time and errors (desirable), improve morale (desirable), payroll department (internal), the budgeted amount (mandatory), avoid possible fines and penalties for noncompliance (desirable), must interact with existing systems (mandatory), vice president (external), good news (internal), bad news (internal) 2. Explain why it is important to define the payroll project’s scope. Explain how to define project scope. You will define project scope by identifying what initiated the request for a new product or service. It’s useful to quantify objectives–â€Å"This service will increase the end user’s efficiency by 15%.† It’s a good idea to characterize difficulties you’ve experienced without the product or service and what will happen if the project is not approved. You must describe what you are creating, how much money you will need, how much time it will take, and how many people you will need. The authorizing body will also want to know the limitations of your project as well as the risks involved. It is important to define the payroll project’s scope, because scope is bound to change, and this is to be expected. As the detail becomes clearer, more complications creep in. These are not foreseeable at the start and hopefully  we build in a contingency for what we cannot see. The scope changes that usually cause problems are those where the perception of what was in and out of scope was different between various parties. The Project Manager assumed there would only be four or five reports, and the business assumed ten to twenty. Nobody felt it was worth talking about because they assumed the other person thought the same way they did. 3. Identify tangible and intangible benefits of the new payroll system. Tangible benefits- avoid possible fines and penalties for Noncompliance, costs must be within the budgeted amount. Intangible benefits- reduce clerical time and errors, improve morale, new federal reporting rules. 4. What topics should be included in a report to management at the end of the preliminary investigation? The topics that should be included in a report to management at the end of the preliminary investigation are: †¢ The scope †¢ Present vs. Future †¢ Internal vs. External †¢ Mandatory vs. Desirable †¢ Analysis †¢ Project usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data.

Technology plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Technology plan - Assignment Example echnology, therefore, assists the teacher and the students to develop a more personalized relationship, which helps both to learn from one another and to achieve their specific objectives as a unit and in a way, that both enjoy. Teacherkit is a technology developed to enhance classroom management and organization, assisting in the achievement of learning objectives. This paper will provide information concerning the technology and outline a plan through which the technology can be implemented in the learning activities. In any situation, change is always common and inevitable. Conditions that warrant change is from within and outside the main environment. In the education sector, changes in the environment especially the job market and the technological changes have always guided improvements in the way teaching and learning are practiced. Adoption of a change is however not easy. This is because the change involves the introduction of a new aspect, which requires the users to adopt a new method (Pitler, Hubbell & Kuhn 2012). This report will focus on the implementation of the teacherkit technology in the organization and management of the classroom. The features of this technology allow the teacher and students to interact through their individual devices in one platform. Having been a teacher for more than ten years, my experience with classroom management makes me feel that the adoption of the teacherkit technology will be an important milestone in enhancing organization and management of the classroom. My experience with adoption of change especially related to technology allows me to identify the various barriers to implementation of this technology and hence develop a plan for implementation that will minimize these barriers. This report, therefore, guides on the implementation of teacherkit technology in classroom management. The advantages of using technology in the classroom are many and cannot be ignored. Educators regard the adoption and

Multinational firms are a force for progress‟. Discuss Essay

Multinational firms are a force for progress‟. Discuss - Essay Example That is exactly what we will be discussing in this paper. Let us first see what a MNC really is. According to D. H. Robertsons â€Å"Multinational corporations are a substitute for the market as a method of organizing international exchange. They are islands of conscious power in an ocean of unconscious cooperation† (Hymer,S. 1994). They are powerful organizations whose power commands most countries and governments. Now my question is that how can that be a wonderful thing, when there is no one to protect you interests. It in layman term means ‘survival of the fittest’. But what happens to those who don’t have the strength that others have. Well they are doomed. In the long term as well as short term. So is that a good thing. If you are one of the weak would you be happy about this? In this research paper I am going to outline, as stated by Margaret House, the costs MNC’s incurs for Developed/Advanced nations and Developing/Underdeveloped nation. I am going to outline the implications MNC’s has on the world as a whole. First let us look at the terms Developed/Advanced nations and Developing/Underdeveloped nations. Developed countries are those nations having an elevated level of development in regards to GDP, Industrialization, Human development index, etc. In other words countries which are economic super powers like the Japan, United States in North America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, most of Europe, etc. (United Nations, 2009). On the other hand developing economies  are nations that posses low levels of material well being. Countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Mongolia, Zimbabwe, Mexico, etc. (United Nations, 2009). Now moving on to the diverse effects MNC’s is bound to have. First let us see what effect MNC’s will most definitely have the on jobs in developed economies. As it is well known that the cost of

Drug and alcohol use in teens Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug and alcohol use in teens - Term Paper Example A good example is alcohol. It is highly important that people who are in their teens do not use drugs or alcohol as it will have a devastating effect on their bodies. This paper will examine this effect. First of all, one should point out that drugs, due to their nature, negatively affect the brain of a person – the organ which is still a mystery for the science (Scheier vii). Indeed, the nature of the drugs distorts the normal work of brain and it can hardly be restored to its fullest. In other words, it is important to keep in mind that drugs do harm to the body that can hardly be reversed, so if a person decides to take drugs, there is a little chance that one will be able to leave the path of addiction and become a normal individual once again. What is more important is that the minor harmful effects that the body might experience because of the drugs may last for a rather considerable amount of time (Hyde and Setaro 50). This means that one can not simply try drugs for on e time: the consequences which are unpleasant will keep appearing after the use. So, a person should understand that nothing is worth that. Indeed, one should acknowledge that unlike other substances, drugs influence the organism of a person on a much deeper level which makes them extremely dangerous. The â€Å"positive† effect that they drugs can be explained by the distorted functions of some organs; so, when a person takes drugs, one is deliberately tampering one’s body.

Google or Yahoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google or Yahoo - Essay Example The following figure proves the above stated argument: Figure 1: Over-diversified features of Yahoo versus simple and focused features of Google (Ong, 2011) The lack of a consistent vision of Yahoo prevails even in the present times. Ray (2010) shared useful information regarding their frequent changes in the mission statement on their official website; the definition of their service has been changed into various things like internet navigational service, online media company etc in the past few years. The achievement of Google’s foremost business goal of maintaining the best search engine has been enough to steal the web visitors of Yahoo. Google’s simplicity and focused vision wins them the edge over the over-diversified aims of Yahoo. Google launched other web services like Gmail, Google Maps, Google Earth etc after they had perfected their core competency of search engine service. 2.2 Better Service and Storage Space of Webmail Service Google launched their webmail service in 2004 when they announced the Gmail service. At that time, Yahoo and other companies were already providing webmail services that offered free limited data storage of about 10MB; any greater amount of storage was charged. Google electrified the market with their first mover’s advantage of offering 1GB storage space. Along with the credit of first mover’s advantage, Biggs (2007) stated that Gmail is considered to be much faster than Yahoo mail. Yahoo has imitated the strategy of offering greater data storage to their clients but has failed to earn back the web users who migrated to Gmail. The following table highlights some valuable facts regarding the dominance of Gmail over Yahoo... After conducting an extensive study of the prevailing market share, features and services of Yahoo and Google, it can be concluded that Google gains a competitive advantage over Yahoo. Google has been able to increase their products and services over an elongated period of time by perfecting each one of them before stepping into newer domains. On the contrary, over diversified efforts and lack of a consistent vision has caused Yahoo’s efforts to be diverted in a wide range of services. Gmail offers greater storage and speed performance as compared to Yahoo mail. Google Adwords is based on more reliable and rewarding marketing strategies that help their clients to gain greater return on their investments. Greater coverage of Google helps their clients to cover a greater segment of web users.

Labor Unions and Employee Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Unions and Employee Management - Essay Example ed thousand workers had already acquired a labour union membership but because of the subsequent economic depression during this time the number previously mention went down to fifty thousand members only. However, in 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed and its formation helped to raise the number of people in the labour unions. This increase in number of labour union membership rose because workers became aware of the fact that labor unions benefit their members by giving them a higher pay of even up to 27% more than non-unionised workers get. However, union members are required to pay 2% of their salaries to the union but nevertheless, that percentage does not compare to all the benefits they receive. ei: Health care (Milkman and Voss, 2004). With reference to the studies conducted by Early (2011), there are two legislations, which include the Railway Labor Act of 1926 and the Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1935 that were brought about by the aftermath of a series of strikes and lockouts that interrupted the rail transportation. The Rail Labor Act (RLA) was passed in 1926, and it brought about a peaceful way for railway companies and their employees to resolve their problems. It is beneficial to note that the RLA applies to common carrier rail service and commercial airline employees. This act allows employees to join only major strikes, and participate in the use of lockouts. According to the writings by Milkman and Voss (2004), this act helped employees an easier access to engage in union organization activities, this is because before this act, companies had a total control on how workers were treated. The act allowed workers the right for collective bargaining and stated â€Å"that neither officers of the union, nor the un ion itself would be held liable for unlawful activities of its members that could not be proven to have been instigated or approved by the union. After the Norris-LaGuardia Act, relations between the workforce and the management

Construction contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Construction contract law - Essay Example By this stage, the job had become quite extensive. It involved the demolition of the cold store and other buildings, and the construction of a workshop, a double inspection pit and a covered parking area. The overall job would require a great deal of demolition and drilling out of concrete and excavations, the construction of structural steel framing, cladding, extensive roofing and paving, the installation of equipment purchased by Clarke and the partial demolition, rebuilding and refurbishment of the office accommodation.Works progressed on a piecemeal basis with ACT submitting interim applications for payment during the course of the works. The works went on for a period of nearly two years, by which point ACT had been paid approximately  £1.3 million.At this point the parties have drifted apart. Later, ACT submitted to Clarke a "reconciliation statement" for its work. This showed that the value of the work calculated by ACT was of the order of  £1.5 million. This led to a dis pute and ACT commenced proceedings for the recovery of a claimed balance of approximately  £200,000.Analysis of court’s responseThe court initially interpreted on certain preliminary questions on existence of a contract, and if so, what were its terms as to payment, the scope of the work and the contract period? Clarke argued that there was an agreement between the parties that ACT would construct the job, including the supply and installation of the necessary workshop equipment, for a cost, which was to be not more than  £815,000.

Presenting Information Essay Example for Free

Presenting Information Essay As mentioned in Section 2, my leaflets are going to include some special details to make customers interested in reading them. Here I have typed up a number of stories about mooncakes (thanks to my parents and my old relatives who told me those stories when I was younger), mentioning where they came from and how they got famous in China. Hopefully this would also make foreign customers interested in trying the companys mooncakes. Here is the story: Section 5 Presenting Information Presenting Information Designing the Logo After having decided the style for my logo, I started designing my own logo with Adobe Illustrator 10. I used the softwares different paintbrush styles to draw the background of my logo, and different text layouts for displaying the name of the company. In my logo I have added a motto into my logo: where the taste of the East comes from: Survey Also, here is the list of ratings of different Chinese food that my classmates have given me: From the table above, it seems that mooncakes are the least favourite Chinese food of my classmates. They all told me that they have never tried one before. Maybe I should consider giving up mooncakes for my company, or maybe I should take a risk to introduce these delicious cakes that are very famous in an alien country. To make this decision, I went to Chinatown in London during half-term and asked for some information. I made a questionnaire for them to fill in. This questionnaire is designed for shops that sell traditional Chinese food package gifts and Chinese recipes, but the only shop I found which sold mooncakes was a small cafi called Far East Chinese Restaurant (even though it was not quite a restaurant). There I met the cafi s owner and asked him to fill in my questionnaire, and here are his replies: His answers showed that Chinese food and festivals are very popular amongst English people, and his reply for question number 3 tells me that there is no problem with introducing mooncakes in my promotional package. Promotional Packages I am using Microsoft(r) Publisher 2000 (at school) and 2002 (on my notebook) to make my leaflet, letterhead and business card. They all consist of the companys address, phone and facsimile number, website address and e-mail address, and, of course, its logo. They all have the similar layout, such as the background and the colour theme. Note that they are all using the desert colour theme provided in Publisher. I made 5 attempts on the leaflet, as it is the most important part of my project. I made many changes on the text size, font, background, layout and borders throughout those attempts. I also gave it to my guardian for proof-reading and she spotted out some minor errors (e. g. text overflowing in textboxes). Now I have come up with my final design of my leaflet. As for my business card, I made 3 designs. They differ in the word art and border. I showed them to my friends and they all chose design number 3, which they all thought was the most colourful and most attractive one, to be my final design. I made two attempts on the letterhead and the only changes I made were the background and some decoration around the header. Section 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using IT Advantages and Disadvantages of Using IT Advantages The advantages for using I. T. are you have the ability to make any changes on your documents easily to make them look neater, such as the layout of the documents, spelling mistakes, fonts, etc, and also you can have access to the internet where it is rich of sources, e. g. images, quotes, product information, news, etc. The sources can then be easily pasted onto your documents and can also be edited to make them appropriate for your needs. When it comes to storing, your documents can be saved onto your computer instead of adding a pile of paperwork into your drawers. Disadvantages One of the big disadvantages of using I. T. is that your computer may crash while youre working and may lose your work. Also, the floppy discs that have your work in them can be easily damaged if not looked after carefully, which again can lose your work easily if you didnt backup your work. The accessibility to the network may be limited due to the time limit set by the administrator, or maybe the computer rooms are locked. The sources on the Internet are only limited to text and images instead of actual objects. Section 7 Copyright and Confidentiality Copyright and Confidentiality Copyright Copying software is a theft as they all have copyrights, which means that without the programmers permission, copying of the software is not allowed. In my project I have used software that is brought by the school and me (software on my laptop) legally, so I dont have a problem with this. This issue also applies to other sources either I. T. or non-I. T. such as images and text contents. Normally they have a ? symbol on them to show that they own a copyright for their images or text content (see picture on the left), therefore when doing this project I have to look carefully if our sources are copyrighted. Confidentiality Keeping our documents confidential can prevent them being copied or changed. This can be done by keeping the documents on a floppy disk or a compact disc and keep them with you, which will ensure that so nobody will have access to your documents. Also, you can set a password to the document so nobody can open the document without permission from you. Section 8 Error Handling and Virus Protection Error Handling and Virus Protection Virus A virus is a programme that can get into your computer data and can either destroy your files or allow someone to hack into your private data. How can we prevent them? E-mailing is the most common way to spread a virus. The hacker attaches a virus onto e-mails, disguising it as a normal document and sends them to other people, and when the people open the attached document, the virus is downloaded onto the computer and starts to interrupt the data files. To prevent this happening we have to be aware of e-mails sent from someone who you dont know, i. e. junk mail. Downloads from the Internet is also a high risk from getting viruses; therefore we must be aware with them. The school has a firewall, which prevents viruses and hackers accessing to our school networking and destroying our documents, but making a backup can prevent your documents being affected by the virus. Errors and Prevention During the course of working on my project, I encountered a storage space problem. A message box appeared when I was trying to save my work onto my personal drive on the school network. It said: There is not enough storage space in your disk. This was caused by the large graphics file in my project and they had to be deleted in order to allow me to save my work. This problem can be solved by compressing the pictures before they are pasted onto my work. Another problem that I encountered was file version compatibility. During half-term I had to use Publisher 98 on my guardians computer to work on my promotional leaflet which have been already started using Publisher 2000 on school computers, and, of course, the file had to be then saved in the format of Publisher 98 *. pub file. This degraded the layout and the quality of the pictures in the file. Later I received my own copy of Publisher 2002, and I used it to open my leaflet file, and the layouts went horribly wrong. The pictures in the leaflet, which were supposed to be wrapped round by the text in the text boxes, covered the text up instead, and no matter how many times I attempted to use different ways to put them back in place, the pictures just stayed like that (see 2nd attempt), and the only things I could do was to start a new file in the format of Publisher 2002 file. What I could have done before everything went wrong was to make a backup of the file when it was still in the format of Publisher 2000 file, and then I could have waited until my software has arrived.

Portrayal of Family in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Portrayal of Family in Huckleberry Finn Essay Huck is a kind of natural philosopher, skeptical of social doctrines, and willing to set forth new ideas. However, when it comes to the idea of a family, Huck is ignorant in all ways. Nevertheless, Huck’s adventures throughout the novel present him with opportunities to gain the family that he has secretly wanted all his life because of his lack of compassion from his remaining family. This new discovery to a family begins with Tom Sawyer. Tom Sawyer initiated himself as the decision-maker, with Huck listeing without argument, much like a big brother little brother relationship. In the first few chapters of the book, Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are established as foils for each other-characters whose actions and traits contrast each other in a way that gives readers a better understanding of both characters. Due to these contrasts, Tom has established himself as Huck’s older brother. Later on in the book, Huck comes across the Grangerford family. The Grangerford family is a tragic family in a huge predicament similar to Romeo and Juliet. Huck finds himself attached to the family in a way. â€Å"Everybody loved to have him (Col. Grangerford) around, too; he was sunshine most always-I mean he made it seem like good weather. † Huck cries over Buck’s body because Huck has begun to think of Buck as a friend as well as a brother. Huck finds the feud that the Gangerford’s have with the Shepherdson’s unnecessary and harmful, and believes it will only bring hurt and loss to both sides, which it inevitably does. The future losses, which are inescapable hurt Huck because he feels connected to each family member in a different way, even the dead sister, Emmeline. Throughout all these situations that Huck goes through, Jim has supported him, even when Jim was not with Huck at every time. Jim first met up with Huck on the island. Jim escaped Widow Douglas’s home because he was to be sold down south, which would separate Jim from his family forever. Jim is hands down the most important person to Huck throughout the novel, putting himself in a category as one of Huck’s new family members. Jim has been associated as Huck’s father figure. During their time together, Jim and Huck make up a sort of alternative family in an alternative place, apart from society. Huck escaped from society for adventure and a new life, while Jim has escaped from society so that he wouldn’t be separated from his family by being sold down south. Jim is based off of his love, whether it’s for his family or his growing love for Huck. Jim was thought of by Huck as a stupid, ignorant slave in the beginning of the novel, but as Huck spends more time with Jim, Huck realizes that Jim has a different kind of knowledge based off of his years as well as his experiences with love. In the incidents of the floating house and Jim’s snakebite, Jim uses his knowledge to benefit both of them but also seeks to protect Huck. Jim is less imprisoned by conventional wisdom than Huck, who has grown up at least partly in mainstream white society. Jim proves his humanity to Huck by baring himself emotionally to Huck, expressing a longing for his family and his guilt when Jim mentions the time he beat his daughter when she did not deserve it. Nevertheless, throughout their time together, Huck has still had the idea of turning Jim in. Huck searches the social and religious belief systems that white society has taught him for a way out of his predicament about turning Jim in. In the end, Huck is unable to pray because he cannot truly believe in these systems, for he cares too much about Jim to deny Jim’s existence and humanity. â€Å"It was a close place. I took . . . up (the letter I’d written to Miss Watson), and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: â€Å"All right then, I’ll go to hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming†. The logical consequences of Huck’s action as well as Huck’s growing affection for Jim, rather than the lessons society has taught him, drive Huck to tear up the letter. Though he does not admit this truth to himself, Huck trades his fate for Jim’s and as a result, accepts the life of a black man as equal to is own. By helping the doctor treat Tom after Tom was shot in the leg as well as shielding Huck from seeing his father’s corpse, Jim affirms that he is not only a decent human being, but also a model father. Huck’s feelings about society and the adult world are based on his negative experience, the main one being Huck’s drunk abusive father, â€Å"Pap†. â€Å"Paphe hadn’t been seen for more than a year, and that was comfortable for me; I didn’t want to see him no more†. Although Huck was free from his father for a long time, the new judge in town returns Huck to Pap because he privileges Pap’s â€Å"rights† over Huck’s welfare, much like the relationship between a slave and a master. The judge fails to take into account Pap’s drunkenness and abusive past, which puts Huck in a sizable predicament. Because of Pap’s abusive nature and drunkenness, Pap fails Huck in providing Huck with a set of beliefs and values that are consistent and satisfying to Huck, making Pap fail as a father figure in another way. Although Pap is a hideous, hateful man in nearly every aspect, Huck does not immediately abandon him when given the chance. Huck is grasping on the final thread he has of family. Huck truly believes in the sense of family, and desperately wants it, but at the same time, is scared by the idea (won’t let Widow Douglas close). By placing hope in the wrong person (Pap), Huck misses out on the possibility of a good family with Widow Douglas. As apposed to Jim, who represents the best of white society even though he is black, Pap represents the worst of white society: he is illiterate, ignorant, violent, and profoundly racist. Though to a very small degree, Huck has been led to believe the same. Pap represents the true evil in the book, making Huck’s belief in a family cynical and saddened. Through Huck’s adventures on the Mississippi River, he has created new homes for himself at the locations of his new family members as well as comfort zones for Huck. Huck and Jim, both alienated from society in fundamental ways, first find home on the island where they meet up. The island provides a pastoral, dreamlike setting: a safe peaceful place where food is abundant. Through two incidents on the island (the floating house and Jim’s snake bit), Huck and Jim are reminded that no location is safe for them. Because of this Jim and Huck leave on a raft as an escape from both being caught, as well as civilization and society as well. â€Å"We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. † Huck and Jim’s raft becomes a sort of haven of brotherhood, equality, and growing affection, as both find refuge and peace from a society that has treated them badly. Compared to the outrageous incidents onshore, the raft represents a retreat from the outside world, the site of simple pleasures and good companionship. Huck and Jim do not have to answer to anyone on the raft, and it represents a kind of utopian life for them. They try to maintain this idyllic separation from society and its problems, but as the raft makes its way southward, unsavory influences from onshore repeatedly invade the world of the raft. In a sense, Twain’s portrayal of life on the raft and the river is a romantic one, but tempered by the realistic knowledge that the evils and problems of the world are inescapable. Through different events, Huck ends up at the Phelps’s’ house. Although the reason Huck goes to the Phelps’s’ house in the first place is to find Jim, he still finds a sense of home there. When caught creeping around the house, Huck was caught. Aunt Sally came out, mistaking him for her nephew, who is inevitably Tom Sawyer. Huck pretends to be his best friend Tom so that he could find a way to help Jim as well as stay out of trouble. Although Aunt Sally thinks Huck is Tom, she still gives off that motherly vibe, even after Huck mentions his deception. After the final escape, the Phelp’s house seems to come to even more life then it was before. Aunt Sally smothers the boys, Aunt Polly scolds, and everyone bumbles along Ultimately, readers are left questioning the meaning of what we has been read: perhaps Twain means the novel as a reminder that life is ultimately a matter of imperfect information and ambiguous situations, and that the best one can do is to follow one’s head and heart. Perhaps Twain means also to say that black Americans may be free in a technical sense, but that they remain chained by a society that refuses to acknowledge their rightful and equal standing as individuals. Unfortunately, these questions seldom have straightforward answers, and thus the ending of the novel contains as many new problems as solutions.

Multidisciplinary Nature Of OB Commerce Essay

Multidisciplinary Nature Of OB Commerce Essay Organizational behavior is the study of the behavior of the people in an organization. It is the study of the interaction between the people at workplace and also the organization itself. Organizational behavior could be described as the study of how individuals and organizations act and how do these organizations and individuals apply knowledge. Further explaining organization behavior uses system approach and studies these characteristics by assuming the person/organization as the whole person or whole organization. The core of organization behavior is to build better relationships by achieving organization objectives, individual objectives and social objectives (Hiriyappa, 2009). Multidisciplinary Nature of OB: Organizational behavior is consisting of multidisciplinary nature which is (Robbins, 2010): Psychology: the study of the individuals working in the organization under the stated rules and regulation of the organization. It also help to study the individuals learning, personality, emotions, perception, leadership effectiveness, decision making power, job satisfaction, attitude measurements and job stress. Sociology: the study of small groups behaviors in the organization. Like the people who are working together on a project so that the group behavior can be analyzed. It also helps to study the behavioral changes, attitude changes, and ways of communication, group processes and group decision making powers of the individuals in a group. Anthropology: at the organizational level, it is the study of the cooperate culture of the organization. It also helps to find out the comparative values, comparative attitudes, cross- culture analysis and organizational environmental power. Economics: this study depends upon the rational decision making of the organization. Political science: it depends upon the study of coalitions and alliances, power and conflict of an organization in the surrounded environment. Organizational Behavior: Major Goals By going through all these steps an organization achieves the major goals like: It helps to understand and control the behavior of the workers in an organization. It helps to study the behavior in the workplace, interaction between the people and the organization, and the organization itself. It helps to study the habits of the workers against their given tasks, explains how the workers do the tasks and how can managers overview their performances. It determines the ethics of an organization to accomplish the desired the goals of an organization. It helps to study the cooperate culture of the organization. It basically focuses on the study of beliefs and customs of an organization. Opportunities of OB: Because of understanding OB it has become the most important component of the organizations. Such as (Robbins, 2010): A large group of people of different races, cultures and ethnic groups work together. At workplace more women are seen. The typical type of employee is old fashion now. Workers who are flexible and capable of work against the global competition are now seen in an organization. Globalization and OB As the world has become the global village so the job of the managers is getting changed. An outstanding research among the entire scientist taken by Tomlinson 1999, who examined globalization affects on culture and how culture affects on globalization. According to him, culture is the way we interpret our experience and guide our actions, while globalization is a major driving force in modern conditions, which enforces the change, by   (MarkoviĆ¡, 2012). Responding to Globalization: Organizational Behavior (OB) is responding to the globalization very rapidly because its the need of the hour to along the changes in the environment. Because of globalization the duties of the managers are getting changed so that they can compete in the market and provide the goods and services on time and according to the desires of the customers. OB is responding to the globalization in following ways (Robbins, 2010): Increase in International assignments Working with people from different cultures Overlooking outsourcing labor to countries with cheap labor Management of a diverse workforce Changing demographics Improving the quality and productivity Improving customers services Helping the employees to balance the work- life conflicts Improving ethical Behavior of workers Improving people skill Stimulating innovation and change Globalization and Individual Performance As learned from the case study, in the new era of globalization, individual performance is the key issue whose primary objective is to present a strategic framework for human resource management as a response to the growing interaction of individual performance and globalization in business. It is that if the human resource managers want to manage the workers for competitive edge in this era of globalization than they have to introduce and implement such strategic HRM policies and practices. To asses an individuals performance in an organization performance appraisal is the tool used by the managers. Performance appraisal plays a very important role in continuous development of an organization. In todays competitive environment benchmarking and developing continuously to face the fierce competition organizations must indulge in performance monitoring. To monitor the performance of employees of an organization the organization must conduct performance appraisals on continuous basis. The process of performance appraisal could be understood with the help of following figure-1. In simple words Performance Appraisal is the process that involves following: (1) Creating SOPs standards of operation (2) Analyzing and assessing the employees performance based on those SOPs (3) Sharing feedback of the performance analysis with respective employees to remove problems and enabling the employee for continuous development (Gary Dessler, 2011). PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Figure Performance Appraisal Importance of Performance Appraisal: There are a few reasons that define the importance of performance appraisal and why it is necessary. Those are: Mostly in the organization base pay and promotional decisions are made on the bases of the performance of the employees which is assessed by performance appraisal. It helps to covert the employers strategic goals into employees specific goals It helps the employers to develop the plan, eliminate the deficiencies at employees level and reinforce the employees to do the right things. It also helps the employees to find their strengths and weakness and serve as a useful career planning process. Methods of Performance Appraisal: There are few methods which are used in the organizations to appraise the employees. According to (Misra, 2009) the Evaluation Techniques are as follows: Ranking Method: in this one person is ranked against the given task in a group. Paired Comparison Method: in this method each person is compared with all other employees. Forced Distribution Method: in this method the rater appraise each person according to the predefined distribution scale. Group appraisal: in this method a group of appraises evaluate the performance of the employees. Management by Objective (MBO): In this method, appraise set the specific measurable goals with each employees and then periodically examine the progress of employees against the set objectives. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale: is a tool which could be specially used to determine a numerical rating scale which could explain good or bad behavior. Performance Problem: A performance problem can be defined as the gap between the achieved goals and the desired goals of an employee. In other words it occurs when the employee is failing to achieve the desired goals of the job. Challenges of Performance Management: In the present day, where globalization has its major effects on the organizations, performance management system is facing real challenges. Such as: Lack of cultural excellence that motivates the employees Less motivation may cause the effect on the overall achievement of the desired goals of the organization. Latest technology and training of latest techniques should be given to the employees at all levels. Clear career path for talented employees should be given. The talented workers should be given with the opportunities of doing new challenges The managers should empower the subordinates so that flow of information and power of making decision at any level should be promoted. Performance Management System in Smaller Organizations: As learned from the case study, it is assessed that the performance appraisal system is helpful in smaller organizations because it is easy for the managers to follow the appraisal system as they know each employee personally. But it is important for the manager to not to adopt a lengthy procedure to do it. It is important that the manager should be well trained and does all the steps according to the defined rules and regulations. On the contrary the manager, who is not trained and less motivated towards doing appraisal, will destroy the whole process and the benefits of this procedure. Performance Appraisal: Problem and Solution Performance appraisal should be done in the objective manner, without any pressure and without any error. According to (Gary Dessler, 2011) there are certain problems which affect the appraisal method and there solutions. Such as: Unclear objective standards: To improve the reliability and validity of the appraisal system it is important the objectives of the required goals should be clear to the employees so that the required result could be achieved. As the recent changes in the appraisal system involve more parties like subordinates, peers and customers feedback so the system should be accurate and the objectives should be clear to the employees. The only solution to this problem is that, objectives to both the appraiser and the employee should be clear. Halo Effects: Performance appraisal has a shortfall which must be brought into notice while rating subordinates supervisors may tend to bias their decisions based on the rating of one trait to the other, (Gary Dessler, 2011). In other words the employer, on the bases of favoritism, may rate employee higher scores. As learned from the case study that the appraiser, if thinks that the employee is good in one important aspect, will give him or her higher marks in every field ignoring the bad aspects of him or her. Horns Effect: On the contrary, horns effect is when the appraiser rates the employee bad scores on the basis of one serious fault of him or her, ignoring the good aspects of the employee. This may cause to select the bad employee over the good ones. The solution to both Horns and halo effect is this, that the appraiser should be told to rate the employee on a single trait before going on to the next step. Leniency: This problem occur when the supervisor consistently rate an employee high or low scores. This leniency should be avoided so that the consistent high or low scores would not destroy the overall reputation of the employee. The solution for this is that the supervisors should tell the appraisers that the consistent rating is banned or allowed up to a certain level. Biasness: It happens when the appraiser biases while doing the ratings this could be on the basis of age, race and sex, which cause affect on the ratings of the employee. This should be avoided because this will also cause the selection of the bad employees over the good ones. Recommendations: As this is the globalization era, the appraisal process should be used as a scientific method approach. It is observed that the managers in todays world view performance evaluation as a minor portion in their performance management program. Such negligence will force the organization to lose competitive edge consequently stopping continuous development of the firms employees. Therefore the report shows the importance of performance appraisal in the success of an organization and achieving specialty of labor. The following steps should be followed in this regard: Organizational alignment: this is necessary to ensure that the workforce is completely aligned with the strategic goals of the organization. Organization alignment is what keeps the organization on track to achieving its goals, therefore requires a careful and regular analysis and feedback to make the required changes. Communication expectations: the communication between the employer and employees should be very clear and concise so that the flow of information among them is without any hurdle. Communication plays a vital role in multinational and national organizations, removing cross cultural or cross border communication glitches is very vital. Employee input: employee input is very necessary in the appraisal process. Employee should give the total input so that the desired objectives can be achieved. Employee input helps in resolving issues hence motivating employees to work and become specialized in their fields consequently helping the organization to achieve economies of scale. Set SMART goals: the goals should be Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant and Time bound (SMART). This is the key of getting the desired objectives. Unrealistic goals is been a problem of most of the failures in the industry, setting targets for employees which are unrealistic and hard or may be impossible to achieve will also de-motivate the workforce.

Is Vocational Education Working for High-Risk Populations? :: Educational education argumentative Essays

Is Vocational Education Working for High-Risk Populations? Any number of vocational education programs have been targeted to solve the education and employment problems of the nations high-risk populations--the dropout prone, persons with disabilities, educationally and economically disadvantaged persons, and so forth. Some have realized successful outcomes; others have not. This publication examines vocational educations role in the success of high-risk populations. Reducing the dropout rate is the most common outcome of vocational education for at-risk populations Although in-school retention is a goal of vocational education programs targeted to at-risk youth, it is not the most significant outcome. Data from the evaluation of a 3-year demonstration program funded by the Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act reflects a broader perspective on program success. In summarizing the outcomes of the 12 evaluated projects, Hayward and Tallmadge (1995) report that only 4 of the 12 showed a significant reduction in numbers of dropouts. The most successful outcome was the improved school performance of program participants. Ten of the 12 projects showed an increase in students grade point averages; 7 of the 12 showed a reduction in number of courses failed. In a review of literature regarding the impact of vocational education on student retention, Hill and Bishop (1993) acknowledge that, although there is some evidence that vocational education programs and approaches have succeeded in keeping students in school, other research showed that vocational education enhanced student retention only when it included other components such as work experience. Coordinating vocational education programs with programs that address the special conditions that place individuals at risk may provide better outcomes than programs solely devoted to vocational education. The Comprehensive Bilingual Vocational Education for Refugee Youth program is one example. Serving youth with limited English proficiency (LEP), this 2-year program provides students with a half-day of vocational training with bilingual assistance and 3 hours per week of life skills training. As part of the vocational component, bilingual members of the business community visit the classroom, talk with students about work in their fields, and take themto their places of work. In the first year of operation, the LEP dropout rate in the metropolitan area dropped from 35% to 0. In the two counties served by the program, the dropout rate went from 20% to 4% (ibid). Vocational programs raise the employment and earnings of at-risk youth and adults Not all programs achieve the goal of enhancing the employability of at-risk persons,.

The Interaction Between Body and Writing :: Teaching Writing

The Interaction Between Body and Writing My first text for this assignment was this haiku: thank god for spring in Ypsi; makes it easier to get out of bed. It seemed appropriate to the task of attempting to write in English without using any technology, as the haiku form is traditionally concerned with the natural world. I envisioned the grass and earth on my property, newly bared to the sun again after the snows, and the letter-making materials available on the site. I could hear my paper unfolding in my head; since the point of the project was to come to terms with the bonded nature of language to technology in writing, I could see whole paragraphs about my use of found sticks and mud as well as bits of discarded junk that my landlord had left lying around since last fall. My argument would be that the use of materials that had originated from the natural world and been manipulated by technology that were now returning to their natural home symbolized the interwoven relationships between thought and feeling and action that is written communication. I had some lovely big ideas. But then I started wandering around in my head a little bit, and some interesting questions came up. Having grown up in ballet and still acting in the world to some extent as a dancer, I wondered if dance is also a technology in the same way that the alphabet and writing are. It seems to me that social dance, while it does serve the purpose of communication to some extent, has no articulated 'alphabet' of signifiers that compare to words and letters. Dance forms like ballet and flamenco, however, most definitely do. For the trained dancer and the educated audience member, ballet is a system of movement with numerous gestures, movements and shapes that signify specific meanings. The manner in which dance is formed, however, via the body of the 'author,' doesn't perform the same separating function that Walter Ong claims writing does in his essay Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought. The technology of dance is contained within the author, but the technology of writing is e xternal to the author. While writing "promotes 'objectivity'" by distancing the performer from his/her ideas via performance (326), dance to some extent preserves the unity of thought/emotion and the thinker. With my confidence shored up by Naomi Baron's discussion of the

Internet neutrality Essay

Internet neutrality enjoys a lot of support from consumers, technology companies and online companies. It is also supported by the main internet application organizations. This is mainly because they feel that the users of the internet should be in full unrestricted access to the internet applications and that they should have unregulated choice of the content they wish to view from the internet. The internet has applied the principle of neutrality ever since it was invented. An equal opportunity to access the internet is a basic concept that should be applied at all times, and thus no single user should be denied the right to access the internet. It would be not in order if the broad band carriers were allowed to use their power in the market to discriminate against the less powerful up coming carriers. The same way the telephone service providers are not allowed to dictate to the consumers whom they should call or even what to say in a telephone conversation, the same should apply to the broadband carriers, and thus they should not be permitted to misuse their power in the market to control online activities (Cerf, Para 7). Data would be controlled if internet neutrality is not allowed to continue, thus a legal mandate should be put in place to ensure that all the cable companies allow the providers of internet services unlimited access to the cable lines. Internet neutrality should be denied the right to screen, filter or interrupt the internet content unless permitted to do so by a court order. Internet neutrality should also ensure that there are laws governing digital freedoms and rights, thus the internet technology should remain open and free to all the internet users and this would enhance democratic communication (Zittrain, pp 78). Charging each and every website regardless of its market share would effectively hinder innovation and competition especially to the new small entrants into the market and thus more developments in technology would be blocked. By permitting preferential treatment of traffic in the internet, the newer and less competitive online companies would be highly disadvantaged and slow innovation would be realized in online services. In fact, most of the current major internet providers started as their operations in small garages with little capital and very great ideas, thus without internet neutrality such great ideas and innovations would never have been realized. If the internet neutrality is not maintained the internet would more or less appear like a television cable. It would be dominated by only a few companies who would be responsible of controlling the distribution and access of internet content. This would impact very negatively to some major industries and they would be faced with increased costs in order to acquire secure and fast internet facilities (Nuechterlein, & Weiser, pp 120) Conclusion The internet neutrality should be protected as it minimizes its control by the owners, it increases healthy competition and also gives others a chance to come up with innovative ideas which ushers in new technology every now and then and thus the internet remains relevant to the modern society. The neutrality of the network is very important in ensuring that a competitive and free market exists for the internet content. Work cited: Cerf, Vinton; Internet neutrality law needed (2006): Retrieved on 9th May from, http://www. infoworld. com/d/networking/internet-neutrality-law-needed-vi nton-cerf-says-577. Nuechterlein, Jonathan E. & Weiser, Philip J. ; Digital crossroads: American telecommunications policy in the internet age (2005): MIT Press, ISBN 0262140918. Zittrain, Jonathan; The future of the Internet and how to stop it (2008): Yale University Press, ISBN 0300124872.

Economic Problem

Along with the development of the earth is a series of social events need to be addressed, such as population growth, food shortages and water shortages in many parts of the world. Specifically, people in Australia are facing with the threat of water shortage in the future. This problem has created an economic problem and urged the Australian government to find the solutions for this problem. This essay will explain the economic problem and answer the question how do markets attempt to solve the problem of water scarcity in Australia, focusing on the economic problem, water scarcity in Australia, the role of markets and water market in Australia. The economic problem can be known as the competition between unlimited wants and scarce resources. Unlimited wants are goods and services that people want to have are unlimited. But, scarce resources, things to make products, are limited. Because people’s want cannot be satisfied while resources needed to satisfy these wants is scarce, limited. Bized (n. d) points out that because our money is limited, we cannot get everything we ‘want’. Moreover, the scarcity of water is an economic problem. Water is a very significant part in our life, because everyone and everything in this world cannot live without water. However, population growth, intensive agricultural development, urbanization, industrial growth and environment requirements are all increasing demand for water. Not only that, the percentage of fresh water in the world is 3%, while 97% is salty water and it also cannot be reused or renewable. Water is the main source of living things, so the earth will become dry as a planet in space if it has no water. So that this economic problem needs to be solve. In addition, the increase in demand of water use and reduce water availability is a problem in Australia. Between 1983 and 1997, 9400 GL water use is increasing every year (NLWRA 2001 cited in Australian Government). According to the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists (1965), excessive use of water makes the water become scarce in the future. In a word, water is in scarcity. In order to solve the economic problem, we must choose how to use our scarce resources efficiently. If the choices are made, sources can be used efficiently. For instance, the Australian Governments is restoring the Balance in the Murray-Darling Basin to keep the water in this basin and protect the environment. They are making decision since the water is scarce. Australian Governments (2010) showed that water which available in Murray-Darling Basin declines, so this basin is likely to become worse. The problem is water in Australia is not unlimited. We therefore have to make choices. The choice can be known as opportunity cost. Since we never have enough resources at our disposal, we have to give up something in order to get another thing we want. For example, Morton and Shippen have to make the decision between selling water to the government or keeping the water for their using and their agriculture. If they decide to keep the water, the money from selling water is forgone and vice-versa. So, scarcity forces making choice. The role of market can help solving the economic problem. A market can be known as an actual place where buyers and sellers interact to trade goods, services for money. They interact in the market to determine the price. The diagram shows the way market finds the price for water. At point E, quantity demanded equals quantity supplied and the price of goods that customers are willing and able to buy equals the price of goods that sellers are willing and able to sell. The market price helps to solve the economic problem because people who want to get the goods or services have to be willing and able to pay the price. This means price addresses the 4 production decisions: â€Å"What to produce? † â€Å"How to produce? †, â€Å"How much to produce? † and â€Å"To whom distribute? . For example, if the price of water increases, people and farmers will use water more efficiently. Price can control the demand of goods and services, because going with the increasing of price is the decline of demand. Customers always look at the price before deciding to buy a good and when the price is high, customer’s want is less. In this diag ram below, the Production Possibility Frontier curve has shifted to the right because of the decreasing in water and increasing in demand. When the price is Pe, demand is greater than supply. This means there is a shortage of water in the market. Then market increased the price to Pe1, demand now declines with the point Qe1. In addition, the supply also can be controlled by the price. If the price increases, supply will be affected by demand and it also decreases. Because demand decreases, fewer goods are produced to correspond to demand, sellers will sell less and make supply decreases. So, the economic problem can be solved by the role of markets and market prices. In this Production Possibility Frontier, supply curve has shifted to the left. Price has increased from Pe to Pe1 and the quantity of water was decreased in order to establish a new equilibrium. [pic] Water in Australia is declining day by day by many. But these factors are the key element of the development in a country. So, Australian Government plans to create the water market to buy- back the water from irrigators looking to sell. In this market, water is a commodity that can be bought and sold between customers and sellers. Specifically, Australian Government’s plan is restoring the balance in Murray-Darling Basin. The purpose of this program is using the water purchase from irrigators restores the environment (Australian Government- 2010). The water buy-back also will be used in the future to protect future living standards. Another way to solve water scarcity in Australia is limited the amount of water use by increasing the water price. In this situation, price of water will be increased to reduce people’s demand, so that they may use water more efficiently. However, price of water also reduce the supply of water because of the limitation in water use. The problem of water scarcity in Australia has forced the Government making choice, the choice between using money to buy-back water for the plan â€Å"water for the Future† and using money for develop the country. But, at the end, the government realized that water is our future. In conclusion, economic problem is our want for goods and services to consume is greater than our ability to produce those goods and services, because of unlimited want and scarce resources. Moreover, the economic problem in Australia is water scarcity. It happened as people need and cannot live without water, while water is scarce and cannot be reused or renewable. This problem is not only about the scarce of water, but also about the existence of human’s life and environment. Therefore, the role of water market was found to solve this problem. In water market, price control the demand and supply of water, so it can be used more efficiently. Economic Problem Along with the development of the earth is a series of social events need to be addressed, such as population growth, food shortages and water shortages in many parts of the world. Specifically, people in Australia are facing with the threat of water shortage in the future. This problem has created an economic problem and urged the Australian government to find the solutions for this problem. This essay will explain the economic problem and answer the question how do markets attempt to solve the problem of water scarcity in Australia, focusing on the economic problem, water scarcity in Australia, the role of markets and water market in Australia. The economic problem can be known as the competition between unlimited wants and scarce resources. Unlimited wants are goods and services that people want to have are unlimited. But, scarce resources, things to make products, are limited. Because people’s want cannot be satisfied while resources needed to satisfy these wants is scarce, limited. Bized (n. d) points out that because our money is limited, we cannot get everything we ‘want’. Moreover, the scarcity of water is an economic problem. Water is a very significant part in our life, because everyone and everything in this world cannot live without water. However, population growth, intensive agricultural development, urbanization, industrial growth and environment requirements are all increasing demand for water. Not only that, the percentage of fresh water in the world is 3%, while 97% is salty water and it also cannot be reused or renewable. Water is the main source of living things, so the earth will become dry as a planet in space if it has no water. So that this economic problem needs to be solve. In addition, the increase in demand of water use and reduce water availability is a problem in Australia. Between 1983 and 1997, 9400 GL water use is increasing every year (NLWRA 2001 cited in Australian Government). According to the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists (1965), excessive use of water makes the water become scarce in the future. In a word, water is in scarcity. In order to solve the economic problem, we must choose how to use our scarce resources efficiently. If the choices are made, sources can be used efficiently. For instance, the Australian Governments is restoring the Balance in the Murray-Darling Basin to keep the water in this basin and protect the environment. They are making decision since the water is scarce. Australian Governments (2010) showed that water which available in Murray-Darling Basin declines, so this basin is likely to become worse. The problem is water in Australia is not unlimited. We therefore have to make choices. The choice can be known as opportunity cost. Since we never have enough resources at our disposal, we have to give up something in order to get another thing we want. For example, Morton and Shippen have to make the decision between selling water to the government or keeping the water for their using and their agriculture. If they decide to keep the water, the money from selling water is forgone and vice-versa. So, scarcity forces making choice. The role of market can help solving the economic problem. A market can be known as an actual place where buyers and sellers interact to trade goods, services for money. They interact in the market to determine the price. The diagram shows the way market finds the price for water. At point E, quantity demanded equals quantity supplied and the price of goods that customers are willing and able to buy equals the price of goods that sellers are willing and able to sell. The market price helps to solve the economic problem because people who want to get the goods or services have to be willing and able to pay the price. This means price addresses the 4 production decisions: â€Å"What to produce? † â€Å"How to produce? †, â€Å"How much to produce? † and â€Å"To whom distribute? . For example, if the price of water increases, people and farmers will use water more efficiently. Price can control the demand of goods and services, because going with the increasing of price is the decline of demand. Customers always look at the price before deciding to buy a good and when the price is high, customer’s want is less. In this diag ram below, the Production Possibility Frontier curve has shifted to the right because of the decreasing in water and increasing in demand. When the price is Pe, demand is greater than supply. This means there is a shortage of water in the market. Then market increased the price to Pe1, demand now declines with the point Qe1. In addition, the supply also can be controlled by the price. If the price increases, supply will be affected by demand and it also decreases. Because demand decreases, fewer goods are produced to correspond to demand, sellers will sell less and make supply decreases. So, the economic problem can be solved by the role of markets and market prices. In this Production Possibility Frontier, supply curve has shifted to the left. Price has increased from Pe to Pe1 and the quantity of water was decreased in order to establish a new equilibrium. [pic] Water in Australia is declining day by day by many. But these factors are the key element of the development in a country. So, Australian Government plans to create the water market to buy- back the water from irrigators looking to sell. In this market, water is a commodity that can be bought and sold between customers and sellers. Specifically, Australian Government’s plan is restoring the balance in Murray-Darling Basin. The purpose of this program is using the water purchase from irrigators restores the environment (Australian Government- 2010). The water buy-back also will be used in the future to protect future living standards. Another way to solve water scarcity in Australia is limited the amount of water use by increasing the water price. In this situation, price of water will be increased to reduce people’s demand, so that they may use water more efficiently. However, price of water also reduce the supply of water because of the limitation in water use. The problem of water scarcity in Australia has forced the Government making choice, the choice between using money to buy-back water for the plan â€Å"water for the Future† and using money for develop the country. But, at the end, the government realized that water is our future. In conclusion, economic problem is our want for goods and services to consume is greater than our ability to produce those goods and services, because of unlimited want and scarce resources. Moreover, the economic problem in Australia is water scarcity. It happened as people need and cannot live without water, while water is scarce and cannot be reused or renewable. This problem is not only about the scarce of water, but also about the existence of human’s life and environment. Therefore, the role of water market was found to solve this problem. In water market, price control the demand and supply of water, so it can be used more efficiently.

Health Status Impact Of Income Health And Social Care Essay

The economic inquiries of my documents as a group involve the insouciant consequence of income ( or state ‘s income ) on wellness position of persons. The policy relevancy of these inquiries suggests that, if truly income affects wellness position, so the authorities should use income and wellness policies that are designed to back up individuals with low income which in bend alleviates the effects of low income ; hapless wellness position being a cardinal effect in this paper. The execution of such policies will enable low income individuals gain entree to wellness attention services. Possible policies include income policies such as employment insurance – that offers impermanent fiscal aid to those that are unemployed while they look for work, public assistance aid – that offers fiscal assistance to those in demand of basic necessities every bit good as wellness policy, exactly public wellness insurance such as Medicaid – for low income and destitute peop le. In this paper, I will be turn toing two major inquiries. The initial inquiry that I will turn to in this research is, â€Å" the consequence of high income and low income on the wellness position of persons severally † . It will help to verify whether individuals with really low income are at higher hazard of sing deteriorating wellness and frailty versa. The following inquiry to be addressed is the way of causality between income and wellness – income to wellness position or wellness position to income degree? This paper is structured as follows: Section two reviews the article â€Å" The Casual Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification † by Paul Frijters et al. The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany to analyze the insouciant consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans. The 3rd subdivision looks at the findings from the article, â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income † by Mikael Lindahl. This article builds on the huge literature that has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. The 4th subdivision reviews the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions † by Anne Case. The writer uses pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness. The 5th subdivision reviews the article by Jerome Adda et Al titled, â€Å" The Impact of Income Shocks on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. The writer surveies the consequence of income dazes on wellness for a prime-aged population. Section six examines the findings from the article, â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier † by Lant Prichett and Lawrence H. Summers. The writers estimated the effects of income utilizing cross-country, time-series informations on wellness and income per capital. The concluding subdivision of this paper provides a sum-up of the decisions from the articles mentioned above every bit good as unreciprocated inquiries and suggestions for future research. The major countries of treatment will come from the data point, natural experiments and econometric theoretical accounts that these articles use in order to reply inquiries about the impact of income on wellness. Furthermore, the strengths and failings of each article would be presented in each subdivision ; subdivision two to subdivision six. Section 2: Frijters, P. , Haisken-DeNew, J.P. , & A ; Shields, M.A. 2005, September. â€Å" The Casual Consequence of Income on Health: Evidence from Germany Reunification. † Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 24, no. 5: 997-1017. This article investigates the causal consequence of income alterations on the wellness satisfaction of East and West Germans in the old ages following reunion. The policy relevancy in this article affirms that understanding the causal pathways between income and wellness is critical for policy design aimed at bettering general wellness or contracting wellness inequalities in society ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the literature that has attempted to set up the insouciant consequence of income on wellness utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal study informations. The cardinal findings in this literature are that there is a weak nexus between wealth, income and wellness ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the â€Å" falling of the Berlin Wall † and the attendant reunion of Germany in 1990, in order to better set up the causal consequence of income changed on wellness satisfaction ( Frijters, 2005 ) . It was widely acknowledged that the falling of the Berlin Wall was wholly unexpected by the huge bulk of East and West Germans, and resulted to a big income transportations to virtually all of the population of East Germany ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The information beginning used by the writers is the German Socio-Economic Panel ( GSOEP ) between 1984 and 2002 which contains the GSOEP for East Germans and West Germans from 1990 to 2002 and 1984 to 2002 severally. The GSOEP sampled persons, aged 18 and over ; this sample consisted of 46,953 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 22,641 males ; 24, 492 females ) on 6198 East Germans and 176,770 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 86,773 males ; 24,492 females ) on 20,617 West Germans ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The methods of analysis used are fixed-effects ordinal calculator – to command for unseen single heterogeneousness that might find both income and wellness satisfaction ; and causal decomposition technique to account for panel abrasion that allows for the designation of alterations as respondents drop out of the sample and new respondents enter the sample ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The equation used in the fixed-effects ordered logit theoretical account is as follows: H*it = Xi, tI? + I?t + fi + I µit Hit = k i H*it I µ [ I?k, I?k+1 ] where H*it is the latent wellness satisfaction ; Hit is the ascertained wellness satisfaction ; Xit is the discernible time-varying features ; I?k denotes the kth cut-off point for the classs ; I?t represents the unseen time-varying general fortunes ; fi is an single fixed features ; and I µit is the error term that is extraneous to all features. In the econometric model, the endogenous variable, H I µ { 0, †¦ 10 } , represents an ordinal index of wellness satisfaction as evaluated by the person. This step is available for a set of persons indexed by I, where I is a figure from 1 to 10 ; each figure is observed over some immediate subset of old ages indexed T, where T = 1, †¦ ..T ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The drawback of this theoretical account is that it uses a little sum of the entire information available in the sample because the theoretical account reduces all the ordinal wellness satisfaction observations to ( 0, 1 ) . The importance of this theoretical account is tha t it attempts to explicate in which old ages an person had a comparatively high wellness satisfaction position. A positive consequence of income would so intend that persons ‘ comparatively fitter periods occur when their incomes are comparatively high ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The causal decomposition theoretical account decomposes the alterations in the expected latent wellness satisfaction for males and females individually in the post-reunification period and besides in the pre-unification period for West Germans utilizing the estimations from the fixed-effects theoretical accounts. The entire alterations in latent wellness satisfaction was decomposed into alterations in: existent household income, job-related variables such as pregnancy leave, unemployed and unemployed, household related variables such as matrimonial position, family wellness related variables such as decease of partner, unseen single effects distribution and the unseen mean variables such as clip parametric quantities ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The major consequence from this probe is that increased income leads to better wellness satisfaction, but the quantitative size of this consequence is really little when alterations in current income and a step of lasting income are used ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences is that addition in household income improved wellness satisfaction. The strength in this article comes from the panel informations that is used ; the GSOEP covers a big sample of persons and it is a longitudinal/panel information since it compares single differences over clip which in bend strengthens the external cogency of this survey. A longitudinal information is utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually difficult to analyse in a cross-sectional survey. In add-on, the sample is taken over a long clip period – 19 twelvemonth period which increases external cogency. Besides, the methods of analysis used are really comprehensive which makes it one of the strengths ; the writer makes usage of the fixed-effects ordinal calculator to command for unseen single heterogeneousness and causal decomposition technique to account for panel. Persons in the survey were besides categorized based on socio-demographic features. Another strength identified is within the external cogency of the survey since the writer examines a alo ne period – Germany reunion. The Germany reunion was an ideal scene to detect the consequence of income on wellness satisfaction since this action was wholly unanticipated by the Germans. Strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because this survey entails an first-class natural experiment, hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. Failings, on the other manus come from the self-reported wellness positions which might make prejudice since it would be hard to deny or corroborate many claims. Last, the consequences of this survey can non be applied to other states or metropoliss since the survey was done on a alone period in Germany. Section 3: Lindahl, M. 2005. â€Å" Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 40, no. 1: 144-68. The economic inquiry that is studied by the writer is the consequence of income on wellness and mortality by utilizing information on pecuniary lottery awards to make exogenic fluctuation in income. The policy relevancy of this article involves separating an association from a insouciant relation which suggests taking in to account the effects of income policies on the wellness of persons. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the huge literature which has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality. This survey comprises of an experimental survey in which the writer uses informations sets from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys ( SLLS ) for 1968, 1974, and 1981. The SLLS follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing this information set is that they contain extended inquiries on wellness and the matched informations on income and decease day of the months from administrative registries ; it besides contains a inquiry on the sum of money won on lotteries ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The writer uses OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of analysis to gauge the arrested developments of wellness on mean lottery, mean income and other covariates. The writer estimated the arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the mean lottery award from 1969 to 1981 utilizing the undermentioned equation: Hi81 = I ± + I?Li81,13 + I?'Xit + A†¹i81, where Hi81 represents the assorted steps of hapless wellness in 1981 for single I ; Li81,13 is the mean lottery award in 1969 to 1981 ; Xit is a vector of demographic and household background variables every bit good as socioeconomic variables measured in 196 ; A†¹i81 denotes a random mistake term. The writer controlled for socio-economic variables measured every bit early as 1968 and non subsequently because variables measured subsequently are potentially endogenous with regard to lottery awards before 1969 to 1981 ; the dependant variable is in bad wellness ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . Subsequently, the writer estimated the OLS and IV arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the logarithm of mean income in 1967 to 1981 utilizing the equations below: ( 1 ) Hi81 = I ± + I? log ( Ii81,15 ) + I?'Xit + I µi81 ( 2 ) log ( Ii81,15 ) = aO + a1 Li81,13 + I„'Xit + vi81, where Ii81,15 is the mean income in 1967 to 1981 ; I µi81 and vi81 are the random mistake footings. Harmonizing to Lindahl, the grounds for bespeaking Hi81 as a map of log income are that wellness variables and log income frequently are about linearly related and that the use of log income facilitates reading. The magnitude of the estimated income consequence is I? . Therefore if I? = – 1, so a 10 per centum addition in income outputs approximately 10 per centum of a standard divergence addition in good wellness, on norm ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The chief consequences of this survey are that higher income causally generates good wellness ; and income is non protective against bad wellness for older people. The writer besides found out that income causally produces fewer symptoms of hapless mental wellness and decreases the opportunity of a individual being overweight ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The policy deductions of these consequences is that income redistribution had a positive consequence on wellness position. After a clear reappraisal of this article, it is evident that it exhibits both strengths and failing. The strengths of this article prevarication in the beginning of informations utilised ( SLLS ) since it follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample. Strengths are found in the information beginning used since it contained extended inquiries on wellness and matched informations on income and decease position from revenue enhancement registries. Another strength identified is the method of analysis used – the manner in which mean disposable household income is calculated, the appraisal of wellness arrested developments on mean lottery award every bit good as the OLS and IV appraisal of wellness arrested developments on the logarithm of mean income. The writer besides controlled for several confusing variables such as the socio-economic variables an d the standardised index of bad wellness in order to forestall prejudice in appraisal. One major failing of this article is found in the internal cogency of the survey in that the informations beginning covers a little clip period – merely three periods ; hence it is difficult brand generalisations. Another failing is that the figure of single in the survey is unknown ; therefore it is hard to besides do generalisations. Similar to other articles, failings besides come from the self-reported wellness positions. Section 4: Case, A. 2001, October. â€Å" Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from South African Pensions. † National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Documents: 8495, 1-32. The writer quantifies the impact of a big, exogenic addition in income on wellness position that is associated with the South African province old age pension. The province old pension was originally intended as a safety cyberspace for Whites who reached retirement age without an equal employment-based pension ; pension payments were bit by bit equalized across all racial groups during the decomposition of the Apartheid government in the early 1990s. This province old age pension constitutes an first-class natural experiment in South Africa because those who received this income ne'er expected it when they were younger and when the apartheid was still strong, therefore it represents an exogenic addition in income similar to lottery profitss ( Dr. Dooley ) . A 3rd of families in South Africa have at least one pensionary and the return up of the pension is really high. On norm, adult females aged 60 or above and work forces aged 65 or above by and large receive the full sum of the pens ion if they do non hold a private pension. The take-up rate for the province pension is approximately 80 % for inkinesss and coloured. For Whites, who are by and large covered by private pensions, the take-up rate is less than 10 % . The policy relevancy of this article involves pensions that are designed by the authorities for individuals that have retired or are of old age when they are no longer gaining a regular income from employment. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this paper builds is that socioeconomic position has a big impact on wellness results. The information beginning used is the Langeberg study which asks information on persons ‘ wellness, mental wellness, societal connection and economic position. This study was run in 1999 on racially stratified random sample – inkinesss, coloureds and Whites of 300 families ( 1300 persons ) in the Langeberg wellness territory ( Case, 2001 ) . The information used is cross-sectional one since it interviews persons at one point in clip ( 1999 ) to compare differences amongst them. The study was developed over a four twelvemonth period and was the joint merchandise of assorted research workers at the University of Capetown, South Africa that included economic experts, geriatrician, doctors and public wellness experts ( Case, 2001 ) . The study consisted of four faculties ; the first faculty was a family faculty which collected information from the individual in the family identified as â€Å" most knowing about how income is spent by the family † . The following facul ty was for younger grownups, aged 18 to 54, which collected information on work histories, net incomes, wellness position and societal connection. The 3rd faculty was for older grownup, aged 55 or greater which asked extra inquiries on the activities of day-to-day life and about South Africa ‘s alone old age pension. The 4th faculty collected information on vaccinums from kids ‘s wellness cards and information on breastfeeding patterns every bit good as the weights and highs of the kids ( Case, 2001 ) . The writer uses ordered probits of self-reported wellness position as a method of appraisal to analyze the consequence of pension income on wellness position. Ordered probits fundamentally assumes that rankings of wellness positions are meaningful but central differences are non meaningful ( Dr. Dooley ) . For illustration, if an single rates his wellness on a graduated table of 5 and another rates his wellness on a graduated table of 1 ; 5 being first-class wellness and 1 being really hapless wellness ; it does non connote that the person is 5 times as healthier than the 1 who ranks his wellness as really hapless. The chief determination from this survey is that income, in the signifier of an old age pension, improves the wellness position of all family members, in families that pool income ( Case, 2001 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Hence, authoritiess should see hard currency transportations as one means of bettering child wellness. The strength of this paper is evident in the type of study it uses because it interviewed persons individually in order pull out private information to which other family members do non hold entree. Another strength is that the study is designed by dependable governments which make the study reliable. Besides, the study took into history assorted races such as inkinesss, Whites and coloured and controlled for assorted confusing variables such as sex, race, age and figure of pensionaries that could make prejudices in the consequences. Furthermore, for the intent of comparing, the writer presented ordered orbits for inkinesss, Whites and coloured in the U.S, utilizing informations from the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) from 1986-1995. Hence, the findings from this survey can be applicable to U.S.A. In add-on, strengths were found in the clip period for the Langeburg study because it was run 9 old ages from the clip the apartheid ended in 1990. This implies that most of the pensionaries ne'er expected such a good pension. Therefore, this represents a genuinely â€Å" exogenic † addition in old age income like winning a lottery and shows a causal consequence of an addition in income. Similar to the article above, strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because the survey entails an first-class natural experiment ; hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved. However, failings are seen in the study used because it samples a little figure of persons ( 1300 persons ) . Second, the information was self-reported, therefore they might hold been misreport which makes it hard to corroborate or deny many claims. Failings are besides found in the external cogency of this survey since the consequences from this survey may non be representative of other countries of South Africa and other states in Africa or the wider developing universe because South Africa is an exceeding society. Another major failing of this article is the job of gauging the impact of income on kid wellness due to omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments. Besides, the writer did non do usage of a panel information which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. Section 5: Adda, J. , Gaudekcer, H. , & A ; Banks, J. 2006, December 18. â€Å" The Impact of Income Dazes on Health: Evidence from Cohort Data. † Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Working Documents: W07/05, 32, 1-32. This article surveies the consequence of lasting income inventions ( dazes ) on wellness for a prime-aged population with peculiar focal point on the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle. Income shocks signify alterations in the income of cohorts to bring out causal effects of income dazes on wellness. The policy relevancy of this article is the extent to which income policies really lead to betterments in wellness position. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is that those with greater degrees of economic resources have better wellness. The information beginnings used are three different cross-sectional studies that sampled more than half a million persons over a 25 twelvemonth period ( 1978 to 2003 ) and reported elaborate information on person ‘s wellness ( both subjective and nonsubjective steps ) , wellness behaviors, income, outgo and socio-economic factors ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The first study is The Family Expenditure Survey ( FES ) which contains elaborate information on family and ingestion. This information covers the period from 1978 to 2003 and the sample size consists of 148,517 persons. The 2nd study is The General Household Survey ( GHS ) which contain inquiries on wellness steps and hazard behaviors ; it covers the period from 1971 to 2003. The 3rd study, The Health Survey for England ( HSE ) unlike the old two, sampled a little figure of people and covers a little clip period from 1991 to 2003 ( Jerome et al, 2005 ) . The writer estimates the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle by stipulating an single dynamic theoretical account of both income and wellness which allows for the decomposition of wellness and income dazes into transitory and lasting 1s. The writer allows for a non-linear relationship between income and wellness at single degree. The writer theoretical accounts income and wellness as stochastic procedures that evolve over the lifecycle and uses collection method to place lasting dazes to income by utilizing man-made cohort informations followed for up to 25 old ages ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing the man-made cohort informations is that it helps to work a wealth of informations with elaborate information on both income and many wellness results because it allows the combination of assorted datasets ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . In order to pattern the stochastic procedure for single income, the writer uses the undermentioned equation: Yit = Yi, t-1 + ( 1 – Liter ) uit + vit, where Yit represents income, L denotes the lag-operator and mistake footings are denoted by uit and vit. Likewise, to pattern the stochastic procedure of single wellness, the writer treats wellness as a uni-dimensional stock variable and augments it with an individual-specific attack for coherence grounds. The methods of appraisal used by the writers consisted of several stairss ; the first measure was to regress the wellness and income variables on a suited set of regressors capturing cohort and age effects, the 2nd measure was to utilize the first-differences remainders and the last was to utilize the GMM technique ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The chief consequence from this survey is that, income dazes has small effects on wellness position, but do affect wellness behaviors ( such as eating wonts ) and mortality ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences provides grounds that lasting income dazes lead to poorer wellness behavior and no grounds that it straight affects wellness steps ( such as blood force per unit area ) . Clearly, the strength of this article is found in the information beginning used since it covers the life-cycle – a 25 twelvemonth period from 1978 to 2003 and studies comprehensive information about the persons in survey. Second, strengths are found in the internal cogency of this survey such that the study samples a big figure of persons – more than half a million persons. Third, the studies used are gotten from two states U.S and England which helps for comparing, pertinence and generalisation. Conversely, failing of this article comes from the methods of appraisal because it is really ill-defined and hard to understand. For illustration, the writer does non supply the significance for the GMM technique. Failings are besides seen from the self-reported wellness position which might make prejudice in the consequences because persons might supply incorrect information. Besides, this survey is an experimental survey which involves a strictly descriptive informations ; therefore it does non do any anticipations sing causality. Weaknesses besides root from the absence of a panel information that compares differences amongst persons ‘ overtime and are peculiarly utile in replying inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. The usage of a panel information will beef up the external cogency of this survey. Section 6: Pritchett, L. , & A ; Summers, L.H. , 1996. â€Å" Wealthier is Healthier. † Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 31 no. 4: 841-68. The writers of this article examine the consequence of income on wellness utilizing cross-country, clip series informations on wellness ( infant and child mortality and life anticipation ) and per capita income. The policy relevancy of this article involves increasing a state ‘s per capital income to see its consequence on kid wellness. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the 1 that has estimated an income-health relationship utilizing cross-national informations. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is similar to the consequences gotten in this survey but the research workers who conducted these surveies were unable to turn to issues of causality ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The information beginning used is the 1 at five-year intervals over the period from 1960 up to 1985, for a upper limit of five observations per state ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The writer uses the OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of appraisal ; the OLS consequences on infant mortality was foremost reported and so the hardiness of the OLS estimates with regard to fluctuations of timing of observation, informations quality and income definition were verified. The IV estimations for infant mortality for a individual specification and sample was besides reported. Similarly, OLS and IV estimations for entire kid ( under 5 ) mortality and life anticipation were accounted for ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The writer estimated the five twelvemonth log differences for states with GDP per capita below $ 6000 utilizing observations for the old ages 1960 to 1985. The writer utilised instrumental variables as an appraisal scheme to place the causal consequence of income on wellness. In strumental variables in this context are variables that are non influenced by an unseen variable suspected to be doing both income growing and wellness betterment ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The chief decision of this survey is that additions in state ‘s income raises wellness position ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that much of the betterment in kid wellness is due to the acceptance of low-priced intercessions that exists for cut downing infant mortality non attributable to income alterations. Hence, these low-priced intercessions should be implemented along with income policies for overall betterment in child wellness. The strengths of this article prevarication in the information beginning since it covers a long clip period from 1960 to 1985 utilizing a five-year interval. Strength comes from the writer ‘s usage of instrumental variables and other health-status indexs such as mortality and life anticipation. Instrumental variables are determiners of income growing but exogenic with regard to wellness. The importance of utilizing mortality as an index of wellness position is that, it is available for a big figure of old ages and states ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Furthermore, it avoids the potentially more terrible contrary causing jobs associated with the relationship between grownup wellness and income growing ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Another strength found was that confusing variables such as instruction and income were controlled for so as to forestall prejudice in appraisal. The failing of this article is that it does non supply information about socio-demographic features of persons and does non stipulate the figure of persons in the survey. In add-on, some of the information beginnings discussed in this article did non come from dependable beginnings.Section 7: Drumhead, Unanswered Questions, and Suggestions for Future ResearchHaving evaluated the findings and decision in these articles, we see that the overall decisions in these articles are that income has a important impact on wellness position. Given that the five articles utilised different appraisal methods every bit good as dissimilar explanatory variables, it is hard to notice on the overall effectivity of the policies involved in these articles. Measuring the articles separately, Case Anne used pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness position. He found out that pension income improved the wellness position of all persons in the family that pool income. This provided the grounds that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Therefore , we can come into a decision that pension policy was effectual in this instance. In deciding the issue with respects to the unreciprocated inquiries, it is indispensable to measure the strengths and failings of the articles. For illustration, the usage of instrumental variables and the control of confusing variables strengthened the internal cogency of the surveies. The skip of of import variables weakened the internal cogency of the survey. For case, in the article, â€Å" Does Money Protect against Health Status † Evidence from South African Pensions, there were omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments which might hold been correlated with wellness and income. Therefore, an unreciprocated inquiry will be, â€Å" what are other possible omitted variables? † A following inquiry will be in respects to external cogency, for illustration can the consequences in these surveies be applicable to Canada every bit good as other states? A subsequent inquiry will be, â€Å" What other policies could be implemented in order to relieve the impact of i ncome on wellness position? To reason, since it is clear from the analysis in each article that the being of a causal nexus between income and wellness is still unsure, an docket for future research will be to use random fluctuations in income and do usage of panel informations theoretical accounts. Another country of future research will be to include omitted variables in future surveies so as to beef up the internal cogency of the survey. A subsequent country of research will be to avoid self-reported data point in the survey so as to avoid misreport from respondents. Surveies should besides affect more of natural experiments since people in these types of surveies are non cognizant that they are being studied. This would beef up the internal cogency of the survey every bit good as prevent prejudice in consequences. In add-on, future researches should do usage of appraisal methods that are easy to understand every bit good as utilize panel data point which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alter ation and utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually hard to analyse in a cross-sectional survey.